Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information from the Periodic Table to explain the relative properties of elements based on patterns of atomic structure.
Develop and use models to compare and contrast the structure of atoms, ions and isotopes. (Clarification statement: Properties include atomic number, atomic mass and the location and charge of subatomic particles.)
Analyze and interpret data to determine trends of the following: • Number of valence electrons • Types of ions formed by main group elements • Location and properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids • Phases at room temperature
Analyze and interpret data to predict properties of ionic and covalent compounds. (Clarification statement: Properties are limited to types of bonds formed, elemental composition, melting point, boiling point, and conductivity.)
Use the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) nomenclature for translating between chemical names and chemical formulas. (Clarification statement: Limited to binary covalent and binary ionic, containing main group elements, compounds but excludes polyatomic ions.)
Plan and carry out investigations to generate evidence supporting the claim that mass is conserved during a chemical reaction. (Clarification statement: Limited to synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, and double replacement reactions.)
Develop and use a model of a chemical equation to illustrate how the total number of atoms is conserved during a chemical reaction. (Clarification statement: Limited to chemical equations that include binary ionic and covalent compounds and will not include equations containing polyatomic ions.)
Use mathematics and computational thinking to explain the process of half-life as it relates to radioactive decay. (Clarification statement: Limited to calculations that include whole half-lives.)
Plan and carry out investigations to identify the relationships among temperature, pressure, volume, and density of gases in closed systems. (Clarification statement: Using specific Gas laws to perform calculations is beyond the scope of this standard; emphasis should focus on the conceptual understanding of the behavior of gases rather than calculations.)
Obtain and communicate information to explain the relationship between the structure and properties (e.g., pH, and color change in the presence of an indicator) of acids and bases. (Clarification statement: Limited to only the structure of simple acids and bases (e.g., HCl and NaOH) that demonstrates the presence of an H+ or OH-.
Construct explanations for energy transformations within a system. (Clarification statement: Types of energy to be addressed include chemical, mechanical, electromagnetic, light, sound, thermal, electrical, and nuclear.)
Plan and carry out an investigation to analyze the motion of an object using mathematical and graphical models. (Clarification statement: Mathematical and graphical models could include distance, displacement, speed, velocity, time and acceleration.)
Construct an explanation based on experimental evidence to support the claims presented in Newton’s three laws of motion. (Clarification statement: Evidence could demonstrate relationships among force, mass, velocity, and acceleration.)
Analyze and interpret data to identify the relationships among wavelength, frequency, and energy in electromagnetic waves and amplitude and energy in mechanical waves.
Develop and use models to illustrate and explain the conventional flow (direct and alternating) of current and the flow of electrons in simple series and parallel circuits. (Clarification statement: Advantages and disadvantages of series and parallel circuits should be addressed.)
Plan and carry out investigations to determine the relationship between magnetism and the movement of electrical charge. (Clarification statement: Investigations could include electromagnets, simple motors, and generators.)