Matter and energy

The student knows the differences between elements and compounds. The student is expected to:

Know that an element is a pure substance represented by a chemical symbol and that a compound is a pure substance represented by a chemical formula;

Recognize that a limited number of the many known elements comprise the largest portion of solid Earth, living matter, oceans, and the atmosphere; and

Identify the formation of a new substance by using the evidence of a possible chemical change such as production of a gas, change in temperature, production of a precipitate, or color change.

The student knows matter has physical properties that can be used for classification. The student is expected to:

Compare metals, nonmetals, and metalloids using physical properties such as luster, conductivity, or malleability;

Calculate density to identify an unknown substance; and

Test the physical properties of minerals, including hardness, color, luster, and streak.

The student knows that some of Earth's energy resources are available on a nearly perpetual basis, while others can be renewed over a relatively short period of time. Some energy resources, once depleted, are essentially nonrenewable. The student is expected to

Research and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear power, biomass, wind, hydropower, geothermal, and solar resources.